Essay about Genetic Engineering and Correct Answer

ï‚ · 3 out of 3 points What is the major factor in driving surveillance forward? Answer Selected Answer: The commodification of personal information. Correct Answer: The commodification of personal information. Response Feedback: According to Stanley and Steinhardt a major factor in driving data surveillance forward is the commodification of personal information by corporations. ï‚ · Question 2 0 out of 3 points What mid-evil technology enabled people to coordinate their activities and thus made possible a more productive use of human labor? Answer Selected Answer: railroads Correct Answer: clocks ï‚ · Question 3 3 out of 3 points Dyson believed that†¦show more content†¦No means without ends. Correct Answer: No innovation without representation *pg 88 No engineering without political deliberation *88 No means without ends *pg 89 Response Feedback: [None Given] ï‚ · Question 13 3 out of 3 points What is the main source of the increased levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere? Answer Selected Answer: Burning fossil fuels Correct Answer: Burning fossil fuels Response Feedback: The main source of the increased levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is the burning of fossil fuels, causing 75% of the increase. ï‚ · Question 14 Needs Grading Anton Chekhov, a Russian playwright, stated â€Å"The personal life of every individual is based on secrecy, and perhaps it is partly for that reason that civilized man is so nervously anxious that personal privacy should be respected.† Although our founding fathers never used the word privacy in the constitution, the Supreme Court has consistently ruled that privacy is a constitutional right. Privacy has consistently been expressed as a cultural value regardless of one’s ethnicity. Given all this, explain the impact of technology on privacy. (20 points) Answer Selected Answer: The increasing power and functionality of technology has increasingly invaded privacy and complicated security. Technology has made it possible for the government toShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Cloning On The World Today? Should Scientists Advance Further Through Experimentation Of Human Cloning?940 Words   |  4 PagesHow has the idea of cloning affected the world today? Should scientists advance further through experimentation of human cloning? Cloning is a generic term that describes the fabrication of a biological material with the same genetic makeup as that of the original or copied material. Mammalian cloning has its benefits, such as the eradication of defective genes (gene cloning), the use of cloning as an alternative infertility treatment (reproductive cloning), and the provision of a companion of sortsRead MoreGenetic Engineering: a Blessing or a Curse?1370 Words   |  6 Pagestransportation, and even entertainment, but never in history has science be able to so dee ply affect our lives as genetic engineering will undoubtedly do. With the new technology there will be, of course, people against it. People who are afraid that genetic engineering and cloning are nothing more than toys of the devil. They fear that it is unsafe. However, I believe genetic engineering is a safe and powerful tool that will yield extraordinary results, specifically in the field of medicine. It willRead MoreDoes Technology Affect Our Environment?981 Words   |  4 Pagesreproduce faster, for human transplants, to require less food, and to be a new source of medicine. Dali Lama said, â€Å"Scientific progress has outpaced society’s ethical development,† and genetically engineering animals is unethical. I would expect for scientists to be aware of the ethics of genetic engineering and recognize the cons of these modified animals. Some cons are that companies refuse to even buy GM meat or milks, its harmful to the animals, it interrupts the ecosystem, it res ults in animalRead MoreGenetic Engineering Essay1556 Words   |  7 PagesGenetic Engineering Genetic engineering is the alteration of genetic code by artificial means, and is therefore different from traditional selective breeding. Genetic engineering (GE) is used to take genes and segments of DNA from one species, e.g. fish, and put them into another species, e.g. tomato. To do so, GE provides a set of techniques to cut DNA either randomly or at a number of specific sites. Once isolated one can study the different segments of DNA, multiplyRead MoreShort Essay On How To Feed The Planet1596 Words   |  7 Pagesfor only 7 billion. Fortunately genetically modified foods have been the answer to this problem for many years; we just havent learned to embrace them. Although genetically modified foods have presented health risks in the past, this correctable problem along with many other benefits make them the future source of food for the human race. Genetically modified foods (GMOs) are created through the process of genetic engineering. This process allows scientists to directly change the genome of a plantRead MoreGenetic Engineering: Humanities Saving Grace or the End of the Human Race?1215 Words   |  5 PagesGenetic Engineering: Humanities Saving Grace or the End of the Human Race? This is the first time history that humans can directly manipulate an organism’s genome to our own benefit. The first genetically modified organism, or GMO, was created in the seventies and has led to GM crops and GM medical treatments. The whole ideology is not new to humans. Artificial selection bred well mannered wolves into man’s best friend. And yet, the controversy has only arisen in the past decade or so. Those whoRead MoreIndividuals Educated in Biology or Who Are Health Conscious Are Opposed to the Genetic Modification of Foods1324 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction: Genetically modified foods are food products that have had their genetic make-up altered or changed using various genetic engineering techniques. This includes inserting foreign DNA in to an organism in order to introduce favourable traits or enhancing, altering or removing existing features of organisms. These are techniques that do not occur naturally in the environment and therefore GM is capable of creating the â€Å"ideal† organism. GM is used for various reasons but is usually advantageousRead MoreDesigner Babies Essay1213 Words   |  5 PagesDesigner Babies In the 21st century, genetics will dominate our food, our health, and our environment. Scientists are now talking about the latest taboo on the horizon, hand picking the genes of our children. The questions arise everywhere from society. Have we gone too far with the human genome project? Do we risk creating children as a medical commodity? Could it ultimately lead to parents demanding genetically-engineered offspring with good looks, intelligence, or athletic abilities? It isRead MoreGenetic Modification : The Future Of Human Beings?931 Words   |  4 PagesGenetic Modification: The Future of Human Beings? Day by day year by year we are constantly increasing our advancements in the scientific field. One area of these advancements that are becoming more and more of a talking point is the genetic modification of human beings. This means in some ways modifying and changing our genetics to fit our desires. Think of it as buying a car and changing or getting new parts. Like adding a turbo or removing a fault that prevents the car from operating at fullRead MoreGenetics And The Science Of The Future1693 Words   |  7 PagesBridget Noonan Miss Rodden English April 11, 2017 Genetics and the Science of the Future Inside each and every cell in your body is a strange chemical called deoxyribonucleic acid, better known as DNA. DNA is a double-helix structure that is made up of billions of nucleotides. They are adenosine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine, abbreviated A, T, C, and G, respectively. â€Å"The information content resides in those chemical bases arranged within the interior, where A always pairs with

Essay on Positive psych - 2461 Words

Abstract The emerging field of positive psychology has gained a lot of interest in the recent years. Positive psychology has been proven to promote happiness in many individual’s lives as well as reinforce their personal feelings of self-worth. The use of positive psychology can be applied to multiple aspects of an individual’s life, making it a universal approach to happiness and less stress. One major group of individuals that can effectively carry out the use of positive psychology is athletes. Instilling and educating coaches and players about this approach could help players deal with the immense amount of pressure the players go through. Professional athletes obviously take on more pressures than younger players, but the use of†¦show more content†¦There is much research that suggests that happiness is also a means toward higher levels of overall success. Using positive psychology can promote happiness, which, in return, will lead to more overall success in an individual’s life (Ben-Shahar 2007). By using the positive psychology approach an individual can lower stress while improving personal biological and spiritual health. Another advantage point to positive psychology is that it can be applied to many aspects of an individual’s life. Positive psychology can be applied to education, the workplace, and in relationships (Ben-Shahar 2007). Athletes for example, are a group of individuals who could really benefit from positive psychology. Athletes of all ages and skill type experience some sort of pressure while playing their beloved sport. Younger athletes could feel pressure from coaches, teammates, and even parents. If youre a parent or coach, you probably have an opinion about youth sports. You might think that sports help children develop teamwork skills, self-confidence, resiliency, moral character, and other personal strengths. Or you may see a dark side to youth sports, believing that young athletes develop ag gressive traits like bullying and the need to dominate their opponents on and off the field. The proponents of youth sports often make blanket statements about the benefits of sports, leading parents to believe that ifShow MoreRelatedMy Psych 111 Class Through Operational Conditioning Using M M s As A Positive Reinforcer Essay953 Words   |  4 Pagesof this experiment is to reduce cramming by increasing the time spent studying daily for my Psych 111 class through operational conditioning using MM’s as a positive reinforcer. Studying is conceptually defined as the act of devoting time and attention to acquiring knowledge on a subject. Before the experiment was performed, the daily time spent studying for Psych 111 averaged 10-20 minutes. 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An evaluation of Repetitive Stress Injury (RSI) Free Essays

string(84) " requested not to disclose information regarding their mouse hand during the study\." Introduction The incidence of repetitive injury has steadily increased over the past decade and evidence indicates that this trend will continue. (Millender et al 1992, Byng et al 1997). In UK according to the NHS report, 1 in 50 workers has reported symptoms of repetitive stress injury (RSI) (Scot et al 2008). We will write a custom essay sample on An evaluation of Repetitive Stress Injury (RSI) or any similar topic only for you Order Now More recently there have been reports of increase in RSI among computer operators (Anderson et al 2008) reason being their repetitive jobs at faster pace. There is also research which reads that forcefulness and awkward position of upper limb have a direct effect on the development of repetitive stress injury (Greening et al 1999). Even though RSI is common, the causes of RSI are complex, diverse and incompletely understood till today. Amongst the most various hypotheses suggested over decades there is some evidence of involving the whole nociceptive system (Brain 2009). With respect to the RSI in upper limb, commonly reported symptoms by patients are cramps, par aesthesia, and hyperalgesia, with no major motor or sensory involvement (Scott et al 2008). And after reviewing these symptoms again and again the nervous system is said to be certainly involved directly or indirectly in all the patients of overuse injury of upper limb (Reisch et al 2005). It were these studies that have given birth to concept called Neurodynamic in the world of physiotherapy (Shacklock 1995) Neurodynamics has become progressively more accepted as part of the evaluation and management of the repetitive injuries (Blaster et al 1997). The ULTT was initially thought by Elvey (1979) as an objective assessment of the neural tissue of the upper quadrant in the examination of arm pain and local pain pattern of the upper quadrant. Fundamentals of neurodynamic testing are that the nervous system exists in physiological and mechanical continuity (Slater ET al1994). This means that when mechanical stresses when applied on the nerve may evoke physiological responses such as alteration in axonal transport or may be interneural blood flow. And physiological disturbances like diabetes may predispose a nerve to mechanical disturbances (Mackinnon et al1986). Physiotherapists’ incorporating tension tests as a part of assessment and treatment have documented that altered nerve extensibility and is a very common finding in RSI disorders. In conjunction with symptomatology and subjective responses to these techniques, difference in the range of motion (ROM), difference in perceived response etc between the affected and the non affected are often considered indicative of adverse neural tension, with implied assumption that such differences are not apparent in asymptomatic subjects (Butler 1989). Such assumption questions the evidence based practise and the validity of these tests (Sackett. et al 1996) Research evaluating the upper limb tension test Shacklock in 1995 concluded that ULTT for median nerve is a simple, effective and reliable method of examination to gain an impression of nerve mobility after performing test on cadavers. In 2005 Resich et al performed a study to measure the reliability and sensory response of median nerve biased on normal subjects. The limitation of the study was that it was done just on one side of body of normal individual. This therefore did not allow assessing if any variability or response existed in left and right side. Also the study was done on non keyboard workers thus the results cannot be generalised. Byng et al in 1997 conducted a research to compare the response of ULTT median nerve in asymptomatic, symptomatic key board workers and non keyboard workers. The results concluded that there was a variation in response to the nerve test among the three groups with keyboard workers having significant altered neural sensitivity when compared to non keyboard workers there by concluding the pain in key board workers is neural in origin. The shortcoming of this study was that there is no information regarding what was considered as a normal response at individual joint as there was only unilateral comparison. Scott et al in 2008 performed a study to determine the false positive ULTT and slumps tests in healthy adults and reported there are false positive response in asymptomatic. But the study was just performed on dominant side of the body thus there can be no comparison and these results cannot be expected for the opposite arm. Also the mean age of participants was only 22 years thus cannot be generalized. Since the researchers knew the dominant side this may have contaminated the result. Thus ULTT is an undoubtedly simple, effective and reliable method of examination to gain an impression of nerve mobility but no trial has attempted to compare the variability of the neural tension test response bilaterally in normals. Without this bit of information the validity of the ULTT is questionable. Thus the aim of the study is to evaluate if there is any difference in mechano sensitivity and perceived response to median nerve ULTT test when compared bilaterally in non symptomatic female key board worker. Methodology Participants Inclusion criteria for the study were: asymptomatic female key board operators between the ages of 18- 60 years without any sensory problem of upper limb and/or neck within the last three months. Participants who complained of bit of neck pain on prolonged hours of sitting which did not radiate to shoulder or upper limb were included. Subjects were excluded if they reported any contraindication and/or precaution (Butler, 1991) like peripheral or central nervous system disease or medical metabolic disease like diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis. They were also excluded if they had reduced range of motion of the upper limb and cervical spine. Thirty female asymptomatic key board operators volunteered for the study (mean age 31  ± 6.8 years; range: 24-54 years). Prior to the study all the participants read participation information sheet and signed consent form. There after participants filled the evaluation form which was regarding inclusion criteria, years of experience, hours of work per day and arm dominance. Arm dominance was defined as the hand participants used for operating the mouse also referred to as mouse hand in the study. Participants were requested not to disclose information regarding their mouse hand during the study. You read "An evaluation of Repetitive Stress Injury (RSI)" in category "Essay examples" The information pertaining arm dominance was blinded to both the researchers as it was known only after the application of ULTT1 test. Procedure Ethical approval was granted by the Committee on Ethics in Research at Sheffield Hallam University. After the participants had filled the evaluation form and the participant was eligible for the study screening movements were performed on the cervical spine, thoracic spine and of both the upper limb to abolish these structures as potential resources of symptoms. Two researchers were involved in the study. Both were students of Msc Applying Physiotherapy at Sheffield Hallam University. The author was the primary researcher who performed ULTT1 on all the participants in both hands. The second researcher only assisted to record the response to ULTT1 on body chart. The method adopted to perform ULTT for median nerve was the test proposed by Elvey 1986, Kenneally et al 1988 and Butler 1991a. David Butler in 1991a conveyed ULTT1 to be median nerve dominant and was reliable in normal’s (Edgar et al 1994) and in patient population (Selvaratnam 1991). The ULTT 1 test was described to each participant by the prime researcher before the test is performed and were informed that their participation was utmost important while recording the response on the body chart. They were also informed to move any part of their body while describing their response to the assistant researcher. Each participant wore a vest for the research purpose. There after each participant lay supine on a high/low plinth with the test arm slightly off the plinth. For convenience researcher passively manoeuvres the test first on right hand followed by the left .The position was secured with seat belts around thorax and pelvis to avert lateral movement of the chest. The right arm was tested first for convenience and was placed in starting position with the glen humeral (G-H) joint in neutral, elbow flexed and forearm, wrist, fingers and thumb in neutral. The other arm will lay relaxed adjacent to the abdomen. The participants were advised to maintain the head in neutral position and were requested to look at a spot on ceiling which negated any cervical spine rotation. Thus with the neck in neutral position the ULTT 1 test was commenced. To start with the shoulder was positioned in to neutral position and the examiner placed the hand on the test shoulder to prevent elevation. This was followed by G-H joint abduction to a maximum of 110 ° in frontal plane. From this position wrist, fingers and thumb were passively extended the forearm was supinated. The G-H joint was then externally rotated to no more than 50 ° as the third distinct component to shoulder. Thus the last component to be added was elbow extension. The elbow was extended until full extension was achieved or participant reported any symptoms at any stage of the test. When the symptom were reported by the participant the second researcher was responsible to record the nature of perceived sensory response in form of words or phrases and the location of the perceived sensory response on a right side marked on body chart. There after structural differentiation (STD) i.e. ipsilateral neck flexion (INF) was performed by the actively. ULTT1 was considered mechanosensitive positive only if the participant perceived reduction in the perceived symptoms and if the primary researcher performing ULTT visually observed an increase in the range of motion at elbow after the addition of desensitising manoeuvre i.e. the ipsilateral neck flexion (Quinter 1989, Butler 1990). The response of mechanosensitivity for ULTT was recorded as â€Å"Yes â€Å"or â€Å"No† and the response to structural deviation was recorded as increased (^) or decreased (v) with respect to symptoms only. A break of 10 minutes was given before the test was performed in the left hand. The same procedure was carried out and data was collected in similar manner on body chart. Data Analysis Descriptive statistics were utilized to know if mechanosensitivity for ULTT1 exists in the participants. After data collection all the sensory responses were collated on a single body chart(figure 2) which as further analysed by dividing the upper limb into five distinct areas i.e. cubital, forearm, wrist, fingers and thumb. Frequencies of these locations were counted regardless of its nature and were tabulated. This made comparison between the two hands easier. The nature of perceived sensory response which was reported as words or phrases was divided in two categories stretch pain, pull pain. Frequency of the similar type of response was counted and compared for further analysis. Demographic characteristics like age, years of experience, hours of work and dominance were to analyse if association between ULTT1 response and these variables exists. To achieve the aim of the study, the data were analysed by answering the following questions. Analysis of the ULTT1 response in asymptomatic key board operators i.e. (mechanosensitive and the perceived sensory response from body chart). From the above analysis are there any evidence showing upper limb neurodynamic tests for median nerve is positive among asymptomatic key board operators? If â€Å"Yes† is there a difference in the response to ULTT1 when compared bilaterally? If there is a difference in response when compared bilaterally, is there an association between the hours of work, age and dominance with the ULTT1 response. The answers to these key questions further assisted in exploration of the research question: Is there a variability of response to upper limb neurodynamic test of median nerve in asymptomatic keyboard operators when compared bilaterally RESULTS Summary of mechanosensitive response compared between mouse and non mouse hand: Table 1 : Table of mechanosensitivity and sensory response in bilateral upper limbs. NoMousehandRIGHT ULTT 1RIGHT STD LEFT ULTT 1LEFT STDNature of perceived sensory response (R)Location of sensory response(R)Nature of perceived sensory response (L)Location of sensory response(L) 1LYvYvStretch pain1,2,3Stretch pain1,2,3,4,5 2RNvNv–––– 3RYvYvPull pain1,2,3,4,5Pull pain1,2 4LYvYvPull pain1,2,3Pull pain1,2,3 5RYvYvStretch pain1,2,3,4Stretch pain1,2,3 6RYvYvPull pain1,2,3,4,5Pull pain1,2 7RYvYvPull pain1,2,3,4,5Pull pain1,2,3,4 8RYvYvStretch pain1,2,3,4Stretch pain1,2 9RYvYvStretch pain1,2,3,4,5Stretch pain1,2,3,4 10RYvYvStretch pain1,2,3,4Stretch pain1,2,3 11RNvNv–––– 12RYvYvPull pain1,2,3,4,5Pull pain1,2,3,4,5 13RYvYvStretch pain1,2,3,4,5Stretch pain1,2,3 14RY–Y–Pull pain1,2,3,4Pull pain1,2,3 15RYvYvPull pain1,2,3,4,5Pull pain1,2 16RNvNv–––– 17RYvYvStretch pain1,2,3,4Stretch pain1,2 18RYvYvPull pain1,2,3,4,5Pull pain1,2,3 19RYvYvStretch pain1,2,3,4Stretch pain1,2,3 20RY–Y–Stretch pain1,2,3,4Stretch pain1,2, 21LYvYvPull pain1,2,3,4Pull pain1,2,3,4,5 22RNvNv–––– 23RYvYvPull pain1,2,3Pull pain1,2,3, 24RY–Y–Stretch pain1,2,3,4,5Stretch pain1,2 25RYvYvStretch pain1,2,3,4,5Stretch pain1,2,3 26LNvNv–––– 27RYvYvPull pain1,2,3,4Pull pain1,2 28RYvYvStretch pain1,2,3,4,5Stretch pain1,2,3 29RYvYvPull pain1,2,3,4,5Pull pain1,2,3 30RYvYvStretch pain1,2,3,4Stretch pain1,2,3 ULTT1 Upper limb neural tissue tension test for median nere ; STD structural differentiation; INF: ipsilateral neck flexion Incidenc e of mechanosensitive response Fig1-Incidence of detected mechanosensitive response for ULTT 1 amongst asymptomatic keyboard operators From figure 1 it was evident that a high number of participants showed response for ULTT1. On adding ipsilateral neck flexion all of them perceived reduction in the symptoms Table 1.There was nobody who had complained of unilateral symptoms. Thus there was no difference in the mechanosensitive response to ULLT1 in the mouse and non mouse hand. Nature of the perceived sensory response and difference between the mouse and the non mouse hand After summarising the data from 30 body charts it was observed that 13 participants (43.33%) had complained of â€Å"stretch pain† and 12 participants (40%) had complained of â€Å"pull† pain (Table 1). After comparing the sensory response of mouse hand and non mouse hand in table 1, it was observed there was no difference in perceived sensory response in both the hands. Location of the perceived sensory response The location of perceived sensation in the right and left hand of all the participants were plotted on a single body chart. Figure 1 shows numerical involvement of location of symptoms for the ULTT1 amongst asymptomatic keyboard operators. Figure 1: Body chart divided into 5 areas where responses were perceived. After analysing the repsponse Graphs 2a and 2b :Comparing the symptoms in the mouse and the non mouse hand Location of response Location of response From the graphs 2a and 2b it is clearly evident there was difference in the location of sensory response between the mouse and the non mouse hand. The median nerve was more sensititive in fingers and the wrist joints as compared to the non mouse hand. Discussion: Summary of the results The results from this study showed that asymptomatic keyboard operators showed a positive mechanosensitive response for ULTT1. There was no difference in the mechanosensitive and perceived sensory response when compared bilaterally. 83.33% participants had bilaterally positive mechanosensitive response and had shown increased area of symptoms in mouse hand. And on further reviewing individual characteristics of these participants there was no association found between with age, hours of work and years of experience. Byng 1997 compared the response of ULTT1 between patients, asymptomatic keyboard workers and asymptomatic non keyboard workers. The results showed that key board operators had significant positive ULTT compared to non-keyboard user. Thus the current study and study performed by Byng et al 1997 proposes that a subclinical pathological condition exists in key board operators. There could be many reasons for such a scenario in this group of population. One of the reflection is the type of muscle exertion that is involved in the keyboard workers performing repetitive task for a prolonged hours causes static loading of neck and shoulder muscles (Subratty et al 2005). These static sustained contractions of the shoulders, neck and upper limbs may be required to fix the hands in a functional position necessary for the task (Pascarelli et al 2011). Along with this dynamic contraction of the forearm muscles are required for repetitive key actions which are then superimposed over this backgrou nd of static muscular activity. The musculoskeletal system presents the nervous system with a mechanical interface (Butler 1989). A static muscle contraction such as those witnessed in key board users cause compression of a nerve there by reducing the mobility resulting in positive mechanosensitive response (Subratty et al 2005). The results of the study performed by Lohkamp et al 2011 were in contrast to the current study. He compared bilateral ULTT1 response in 90 normal individuals and the results showed that there were more neurogenic response and reduced ROM in the non dominant hand as compared to dominant hand. The difference in the result between the two studies could be attributed to the difference in the population involved. Lohkamp et al 2011 performed study on normal healthy individual who utilized their non-dominant hand less for their normal daily activities which could have led to reduced flexibility of muscles and compromised mobility of the nerve. In the present study since key board operation is a bilateral task such a difference was not observed. Structural differentiation is added to determine if the ULTT is positive or not (Butler 1991, Nee 2006). Depending on the type of structural differentiation applied, tension in the median nerve could be increased or decreased (Byl et al 2002). In this study all the participants who had reported symptoms for ULTT1; 100% had reported decreased in the sensory response after adding structural differentiation (ipsilateral neck flexion). Similar results were reported by Selvaratnam et al 1994 and Scot et al 2008. This observation might be caused by decreased tensile force of the nerve causing increase in the circulation (Otaga and Niato, 1986). Similar results were seen in a study performed by Coopeiters et al 2002A which concluded that with structural differentiation there was a change in the ROM at the elbow joint and the frequency of response distal to it had reduced. Coopeiters et al 2002A also suggested performing contra lateral neck flexion as a structural differentiation to ULTT1 a s it causes more tension in the nerve tissue and is more specific in provoking the symptoms. But since this study was done in asymptomatic key board operators who are already exposed to high risk of developing overuse syndrome symptoms (Scot et al,2008), contra lateral neck flexion was not the choice of STD in this study for ethical reasons. The present study found no difference in the perceived sensory response in the mouse and the non- mouse hand. Stretch and pull pain were the reported perceived symptoms. The literature reads that stretch and pull sensations are considered as normal response to ULTT1. An individual is considered as mechanosensitive positive if there is a decreased in the ROM while performing ULTT (Buttler1991). Even though the participants had shown response which was similar to normal’s they were still labelled as mechano sensitive for ULTT1 as the researcher had observed reduced ROM at elbow while performing ULTT but it was not measured. This further emphasise that asymptomatic key board users could have a hidden pathological state and are at high risk for developing repetitive stress injury syndromes. An understandable sample of frequency and nature of symptoms was recognized as there was not much of deviation. Amongst the participants who were mechanosensitive bilaterally 100% had perceived sensation at the cubital area (anterior aspect of elbow). The other common reported sites were forearm, wrist, fingers and thumb. The site of involvement was in accordance to the study put forth by Kenneally et al 1988 and Butler et al 1989. The 92% who had complained of more areas of response in mouse hand, had perceived symptoms in the cubital area wrist fingers and thumb while the non dominant hand had received symptoms only in cubital area and forearm. The rationale for this could be the usage of the mouse itself. Recent studies like Jepsen et al 2002 contributed to the literature by performing a cross sectional study on computer operators and concluded that pain, parasthesia and weakness were more prevalent in mouse arm as compared to non-mouse arm. The clinical reasoning behind this could be the mouse operating wrist is constantly positioned in a bent position and this causes reduced space in the carpal tunnel further reducing the mobility of median nerve and the other structures like tendon situated in it. Thus in the median exposed to more compressive forces in the mouse hand than the contra lateral limb and hence it becomes irritable and produces symptoms like tingling and numbness in the wrist, fingers and th umb. Also the difference in location of response had no association with age, hours of work and years of experience as these characteristics were no different than the other participants in the study similar result were observed by (Byng et al 1997) Theoretical Implication: From the current study it can be suggested that a subclinical pathological state exisits among female amongst the asymptomatic female key board operators supporting several hypothesis that the origin of repetitive stress injury are neurogenic in origin. This study also suggests that the usage of the mouse along with causes increased mechanosensitivity of median nerve in wrist fingers and thumb. Thus work place modification and ergonomic advise should also consider the mouse modification. Clinical Implication: Literature shows that dominant arm in normal’s could be used as a control group while assessing the ULTT1 response amongst symtomatics as there exists no variation in response to ULTT1 amongst normal healthy individuals. This study though performed on asymptomatic targeted an intermediate group and suggests that dominant arm is not a reliable diagnostic indicator as variability exists in the bilateral response with more response being in the dominant arm which is in contrast to the current literature. Strength of the study Limited research is available which compares bilateral response of ULTT1 thus the current study adds on to this limited literature. Also while ULTT1 was being conducted the researchers were blinded to the information of dominance to prevent assessor bias. The results obtained from the study could be generalizable as a large age group was included. Limitations Participants were labelled as mechanosesntitive positive if they had perceived a reduction in symptoms after adding ipsilateral neck flexion . No objecetive scale was used to find by how much the percentage the symptoms were reduced thus future research should incorporate scales like VAS scale to have more reliable results. The ULTT was carried out only ones on participants to label them as mechanosesntive positive. Thus this single reposne may not have recorded the real response. Ideally a mean of 3 response would be indiacted to prevent any errors. Scope for future research Future research should focus on more objective methods of accessing the variability of response ofULTT1 among symptomatic key board operators. If ROM is suggested as objective means to measure variability research should be carried out to know how much difference in ROM is required to label an individual mechanosensitive positive. 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