The American Red Cross Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The American Red Cross - Research Paper Example Business ethics come with numerous benefits which include employee commitment which can be said to be the believe of an employee future to be linked to that of the organization and their personal sacrifices they willingly offer to that organization they work for.In addition, investor loyalty can be said to be th ethical code of conduct that gives rise to shareholder loyalty which might pay a regular contribution to success supporting even greater anxiety and social causes (Ferrell, Fraedrich & Ferrell, 2011). Moreover,customer satisfaction is one of the greatest important aspect of a business success is the organizational development continuation, alteration and adaptation of products to keep the customer trends of tastes and preferences so that long - term stakeholders and customer relationship is maintained. Lastly,the bottom line is the relation to business to the total revenue minus all the expenses and therefore any company or organization must have a good financial presentation for the purpose of ethical culture nurturing and development (Ferrell, Fraedrich & Ferrell, 2011).Due to the behavior of the American Red Cross (ARC) following the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina and 9/11 their reputation with regard to business effects benefits were greatly dented. This was as a result of lack of supervision of some volunteers or employees, leading them to be an unethical in the operation and also resulted in numerous damage of the ARC reputation. Due to the ARC failure to strictly follow their rules and regulations and embezzled donated funds for the organization, the investor loyalty greatly reduced( Jones, 2012). The deeds of the ARC following these calamities led to low customer satisfaction which greatly affected the profits which are directly proportional to the organizational actions. Since the ARC major source of revenues is the donations, the public may stop the donations at their will if they feel their money is embezzled instead of assist the needy( Jone s, 2012). . Determine and discuss the role that ARC’s stakeholder orientation played in this scenario. Stakeholder orientation is defined as the level of an organization's ability to recognize and tackle stakeholder demands. The stakeholders made up by a number of people who may have a say in any company or organization’s business operations( Jones, 2012). . A lot of distress arose about ARC in the scenario and since its major role is to give a fast response aid to victims of any disaster, the World Trade Center attack in New York city and the Hurrican Katrina were chief occurrences that were of great effect in the United States. The way in which ARC carried out those events was questionable making it to be highly scrutinized. Starting with the World Trade Center, the ARC got higher criticism due to their slow response time. The Disaster operation center (DOC) whose center of command is based in Virginia never activated the special teams which are usually sent in respo nse to a plane crash disaster or similar (Jones, 2012). . Apart from the slow response to disaster that took place in 9/11 2001, criticism also arose due to the fact that some of the money donated was mismanaged. This money was raised from a separate fund which was to cater for the victims and the affected families. In a period of about two months, about $550 millions was collected with only about a third going to the intended function of relief

The relationship between animal play and human play Essay

The relationship between animal play and human play - Essay Example The most important thing that their studies reveal is the relationship between the animal and human play. Play in humans and animals reveal that animals are as intelligent and as evolved as humans are. The texts prove that if humans learn from the animal behavior of play, then their life will be more fun and natural, and this will lead to freedom from psychological, social and biological distress that humans suffer. The texts also reveal that play not only brings fun and enjoyment in human life, but also helps in preventing the development of lifestyle related problems like depression, anxiety and tensions, which are the root cause of various psychological, social and physical problems. In doing so, the texts send a strong message that even though play is a source of fun and enjoyment, it should be taken seriously. Analysis The article by Huizinga â€Å"Nature and significance of play as a cultural phenomenon,† and the lecture by Brown â€Å"Serious play: Why play is more tha n just fun,† aim at making the reader understand the importance that play has in human life. In doing so, they have explored the different areas of life that are affected by play. However, Huizinga and Brown have taken different approaches to explain the role of play. While Huizinga has explored the cultural and historical base to explain how play is embedded in the very fabric of human life, Brown has taken a biological and scientific approach to explain the same. Even though their approaches are different, there is one point which they both have tried to highlight strongly and that is the relation between the play of animals and play of humans. Relation between play of animals and play of human Huizinga, in his article â€Å"Nature and significance of play as a cultural phenomenon,† has explained how play of human beings is not just a cultural or social phenomenon but is a natural phenomenon. To support his argument, he has explained how animals also know how to play and have fun. In fact, Huizinga goes to the extent of saying that â€Å"animals play just like men† (Huizinga 97). To prove his point, he has given the example of dog’s play. Dogs use different ceremoniousness of attitude and gestures to invite other dogs for play (Huizinga 97). Their rules of play, like not hurting or biting while playing, are communicated and agreed upon in non-verbal language (Huizinga 97). In doing so, they experience tremendous fun and enjoyment (Huizinga 97). This also shows that the purpose behind ‘play’ is not just physical or biological, but is something beyond it (Huizinga 97). Huizinga points to a very important fact that animals do not wait for humans to teach them how to play but do so naturally and on their own (Huizinga 97). This fact that animals play as good as humans is also revealed by Brown in his lecture. In his lecture â€Å"Serious play: Why play is more than just fun,† Brown has referred to the strong similar ity between play of animals and play of humans. He has given the example of polar bear to show how animals follow rules and communicate in non-verbal language to indulge in play. He has described how a polar bear override the carnivorous tendencies when he gets

Grading System Essay Example for Free

Grading System Essay I think this is a good step to change the very old education system of our country. We have progressed and developed in many field but the Educational system is same (implemented during Colonial regime). But the question arises why in only CBSE System. However, this is going to relax most of the students and parents as well. The Students and guardians were used to go under unnecessary pressure and stress twice (X XII). The Grading system is better than marking system. Meanwhile I fee the Government should also consider on the following matters. 1. There should be one syllabus system in all over India. . This system must be applied to all board exam not only CBSE. Each and every board must follow other wise the students of CBSE will face a great consequences in future. 3. There should be one educational system in all over India. I’ve read these statements, n I think most of the people dint like it bcoz, acc to them there e will be no difference in 91 and 99. i just want to ask that in whole India how many students get above 90 and hw many below 60. obvsly more students are in 2nd category’s we should think on behalf of those who are more in the system get very depressed when they fails! their enthusiasm, will to study further get busted! So it better for those students. At least they can study further with increased enthusiasm that they have to get next grade next year. So thinking as a mess. This sys is excellent and obviously it will reduce the suicide cases adopted by the failure students. Well everything thing has both ways one is positive and another one is negative we are taking about only positive thing that is stress will be remove from students mind, inferiority complex and all that. But there is some person, who is talking about negative point of grading system, if we talk about negative point there are certain points like no students have deep knowledge about the subject and if you do not have deep knowledge you can put up your point in front of class and seminar. Another point is at the time of interview or practical we cant go because you don’t have idea about the particular thing you have basic knowledge but at the time of practical or interview they will ask the root thing of the particular subject or thing. So these are the few examples of negativity of the grading system. This is a good initiative by kapil sibal. Maniacs of marks should understand that there is no big difference between a student who scores 99 and 90. Nobody is consistent in their scoring which at times happens even beyond expectations. So this hue and cry over marks is pessimism. Every top ranking institute ranks students upon their aptitude where a student getting 60 marks may score better than a book worm who takes 99. 9%. Marks and knowledge on the subject are two different things. Mental ability and overall personality development means more than those digits scored without any purpose of developing knowledge. This system will put an end to such stupidity. Let me clear your view about the Grading system and Marking system (fail pass). Grading system will be a kind of regular assessment system to check the students progress which will allow the students to put their focus on the poor grading subjects. Guardian may check the assessment of their ward and rectify the mistake before it goes beyond control. Usually the students take easy during normal course and take a great stress at the time of Final Exam which not only put them into depression but also allow them to commit suicide either before Exam or after the result. The fear of Pass and failure become the nightmare for the students. At present, to take admission in any professional course you have to appear in test process follow by interview so it will not effect due to getting 98 or 91 or even less than 90. The only thing I realize that educational system of all Board should be one and same. However, a lot need to change in our educational system and I think this is the first step towards the introducing global system of Education in India. Continual assessment of students without board examination is likely to considerably reduce the stress of not only the students but also the parents and teachers. Secondly, continual assessment is a good concept to evaluate a student during the entire academic session. On the contrary, one time assessment via board examination does not reflect the true academic standing of a student. I must congratulate the policy makers in this regard.

Most famous plays

Most famous plays In the Prologue, line six, Shakespeare tells his audience that A pair of star-crossd lovers take their life. How far does Shakespeare prepare his audience for the tragic end of Romeo and Juliet? It is well known that the story of Romeo and Juliet is probably the most famous love story ever written. The tragic ending of the story is equally well known. Romeo and Juliet is one of Shakespeares most famous plays. It is the story of two star crossd lovers from conflicting families. The audience follow them as they fall in love and go to extreme lengths to be together. The story ends with the tragic death of the two lovers which brings together the two families in their grief. This storys ending differs from the typical traditional love story fairytale type ending along the lines of .. and then, they all lived happily ever after. The End. That type of ending leaves an audience feeling good at the end because it contains the feel good factor a happy ending. It is the lack of this usual type of feel good factor in Romeo and Juliet which makes it necessary for Shakespeare to prepare his audience for the comparatively harsh ending of the story. To prepare the audience for the tragic ending Shakespeare makes extensive use of the literary technique of foreshadowing in which he drops hints about the plot developments to come later in the play. By clever use of foreshadowing, Shakespeare is able to successfully manipulate the audience. The overall structure of the plays an important part in preparing the audience for the tragic outcome. Most people are aware of the notion that first impressions are important. Shakespeare takes advantage of this concept in presenting Romeo and Juliet to the audience. Shakespeare takes into consideration the strong impact of first impressions in constructing the structure the play. It is obvious that he carefully chose what order to put the events in and which bits to highlight, for maximum effect. Evidence of this can be seen in the key situations involving first impressions the plays introduction, the nature of the opening scene, Romeos first appearance and the lovers first meeting and conversation. In all of these, the sense of foreboding is always present. At the beginning of the play, the audience are likely to be open minded because they are eager to watch the play. Due to this they are likely to be more impressionable at this stage than in later stages in the play. Romeo and Juliet opens with a prologue. The obvious purpose of the Prologue is to introduce the play to the audience. However, it also has a more significant and deeper function. The chorus is the most obvious example of dramatic irony in Romeo and Juliet -the whole play is watched by the audience whilst knowing the plot and the ending. The Prologue sets the scene for the story and states the climax of its plot and whilst doing so gives away its ending. This starts the atmosphere of foreboding. In summary, the Prologue tells us that the stars control the lives of Romeo and Juliet, and that they are doomed to die because the stars are against them. The Prologue refers to an ill-fated couple using the metaphor star-crossd, which literally means against the stars. This is very significant since at the time that the play was written, it was a common belief that the stars controlled peoples destinies. So the Prologue itself is responsible for creating this sense of fate by informing the audience so very early on that Romeo and Juliet will die and this is done even before the play has begun! Consequently, the audience will then watch the play expecting the conditions set by the Prologue to be fulfilled. It seems that the fate from which Romeo and Juliet cant escape is in fact the structure of the play itself. To be exact, it has to be said that the Prologue is not foreshadowing since foreshadowing only hints at precise what will happen later on, whereas the Chorus in the Prologue actually tells outright what is to come rather than just hint at it. The second verse of the Chorus sonnet actually summarises the plot of the play: From forth the fatal loins of these two foes A pair of star-crossd lovers take their life; Whose misadventured piteous overthrows Do with their death bury their parents strife (Prologue 5-8) The fact that the next verse repeats the same message indicates that Shakespeare was determined to ensure that this message got impressed upon the audience very early on, in order to ensure that the foreshadowing which follows later on in the play would be heeded by them. So it is apparent that Shakespeare was intent on leading the audience to expect a tragic outcome right from the beginning. Even though it starts off as a light comedy, the overall impression created by the opening scene is that of a hostile atmosphere created by violence and conflict. The violent focus of the opening scene has a powerful visual impact on the audience. Since the play is about a conflict between love and hate, by introducing the hate in the opening scene, Shakespeare highlights the hate which is going to be opposed to the love. This does not bode well for the love story which is to follow, which the audience are anticipating. This kind of a start is unlikely to lead to a happy and peaceful ending. It seems to suggest that similar unpleasant situations may follow. Furthermore, this introduction to violence and conflict so early on serves to ensure that the audience become accustomed to unpleasant situations. So, right from the start the audience is being familiarised with the concept of conflict or threat so that the seeds of the unhappy ending are being sown. When Romeo makes his first appearance he comes across as a lovesick rejected lover who is depressed and wallowing in self pity. As he reflects on love and hate, the oxymorons he uses to describe his feelings make him seem to be in love with the idea of being in love. Why then, O brawling love, O loving hate, O any thing of nothing first create! O heavy lightness, serious vanity, Misshapen chaos of well-seeming forms, Feather of lead, bright smoke, cold fire, sick health, Still-waking sleep, that is not what it is! This love feel I, that feel no love in this. Shakespeare has put together contradictory words to convey the turmoil that love is causing Romeo. His reflection begins with two oxymorons, setting brawling versus love, and loving versus hate. He is portrayed as being a romantic dreamer and someone who is led by his feelings. We see a man who gets deeply affected by love. His use of language stresses the confusion in his mind and the fact that love has two sides. This has the effect of creating a sense of conflict around the subject of love and this is before he even meets Juliet! Furthermore, it sets off a sense of foreboding around the subject of love. The first impression created by the lovers meeting is that despite the sweetness of the encounter, the sense of foreboding continues to linger on. This is because even whilst the lovers are using the language of love and wooing each other, the atmosphere of foreboding is ever present because of the actual references to death that they both make during that period. Another device which Shakespeare uses to prepare the audience for the tragic outcome is that he weaves an underlying thread of foreboding throughout the play. The various factors which contribute to the build up of the sense of foreboding in the play include the extensive use of dramatic irony, frequent and persistent references to fate and death, references to the darker side of love and the occurrences of violence and conflict. In the following part of this essay I will detail the various methods which Shakespeare uses to successfully weave foreboding throughout the play. Right at the start, the Chorus mentions a pair of star-crossed lovers (line 6) and thereafter there are repeated ominous hints that Romeo and Juliet are fated to die. Even before Romeo has met Juliet, as he is about to join Capulets party, he has a premonition: my mind misgives Some consequence, yet hanging in the stars, Shall bitterly begin his fearful date With this nights revels and expire the term Of a despised life, closed in my breast, By some vile forfeit of untimely death (1.4.106-11) Shakespeare introduces a note of foreboding just as Romeo is about to meet Juliet for the first s time by hinting that he is going to develop into a tragic character. With the words of the Chorus still fresh in the minds of the audience, hearing these words from Romeo would remind them of the terms set by the prologue. Romeos words foreshadow what actually happens in the rest of the play. A chain of events does begin night, and that chain of events does lead to Romeos early death. Just after they have met, each lover has a similar foreboding that this love will have a fated disastrous ending. When Benvolio says to Romeo; Away, be gone. The sport is at the best, Romeo replies, Ay, so I fear (1.5.119-20), which reveals that he is worried that things can only get worse from now on. When Juliet realises that Romeo is a Montague (an enemy), she says; Prodigious birth of love it is to me That I must love a loathed enemy (1.5. 140-1)) The fact that she links this moment of meeting in terms of both birth and death does not bode well for the future of their love. Referring to Romeo, Juliet says; If he be married. My grave is like to be my wedding bed (1.5. 135). She is implying that if Romeo is married, she will be likely to die unmarried, because she will not marry anyone else. However, she is unknowingly foreshadowing her future, in which her grave does end up becoming her wedding bed. Her remark starts off the many associations of love and death in the play. So, from its very first appearance in the play, the love between Romeo and Juliet is portrayed as being doomed. When Romeo goes to marry Juliet, he throws a challenge to fate; Do thou but close our hands with holy words. Then love-devouring death do what he dare. (2.6.6-7). An Elizabethan audience would have considered this act of Romeos to be very ominous. They would have been likely to expect fate to rise to such a challenge and end up being the winner. Romeos words foreshadow what actually happens because love-devouring death arrives very soon after the wedding. When Juliet shows concern for Romeos safety, Romeo assures her that its ok if her kinsmen find him, because his; life were better ended by their hate. Then death prorogued wanting of thy love ( 2.2.77-78). Romeo means that hed much rather have her love and die on the spot, than not have her love and die later. He does get her love, and that love leads to his death. When Romeo leaps down from Juliets window and the lovers are exchanging their final farewells, Juliet has a premonition: Methinks I see thee, now thou art below, As one dead in the bottom of a tomb. Either my eyesight fails, or thou lookst pale (3.5.55-57). Sadly, Juliet is foreshadowing the fact that the next time she sees Romeo he will be dead in a tomb. Later on in the play, Romeo mentions a dream in which he; dreamt my lady came and found me dead (V.1.6). This further builds upon the foreboding nature of Juliets vision. Juliet pleads with her mother to help her avoid the marriage to Paris saying that if she wont help her then she should, ..make the bridal bed In that dim monument where Tybalt lies (3.5.198-201) Juliets implication that she would rather die than marry Paris foreshadows the fact that by the end of the play she will be sleeping with her husband in that dim monument where Tybalt lies. Juliet then asks the Friar to help her to avoid marrying Paris. She says, the Friar could, hide me nightly in a charnel-house, Oer -coverd quite with dead mens rattling bones, With reeky shanks and yellow chapless skulls, Or Bid me go into a new-made grave And hide me with a dead man in his shroud, (4.1.81-88) Juliets description foreshadows the fact that she does hide in a charnel house, and Tybalt will be the dead man in his shroud. It is not only Romeo and Juliet who foreshadow their own deaths the words used by all around them also hint at their tragic ending. At the feast, Tybalt makes a promise to himself that he will make Romeo pay for coming to the feast. He says; I will withdraw, but this intrusion shall Now seeming sweet convert to bitter gall (1.5.91-92). The word gall can mean an extremely bitter substance, and it can also mean poison. This hints that Romeos sweet love for Juliet will lead to his death by poison. The Friar reflects that there is some good in every plant and mineral, even if it is dangerous. However, theres nothing so good; but, straind (wrenched) from that fair use, Revolts from true birth (natural goodness), stumbling on abuse (2.3.19-20) So, Virtue itself turns vice, being misapplied and vice (is) sometimes by action dignified (2.3.21-22). The Friar thinks that the powers of nature need to be used carefully: there can be danger in too much of a good thing, and good can sometimes come out of something bad. The Friars words reflect the nature of many of the events which follow, for example, the love (a good thing) of Romeo and Juliet brings them death ( a bad thing), and their death (a bad thing) brings an end to the feud between the Montagues and Capulets ( a good thing). There is a certain type of recurring remark encouraging the audience to associate death with Juliet, which is particularly effective in building the sense of foreboding and darkening the atmosphere of the play. Over and over again Shakespeare introduces the idea that Juliet will be the bride of Death. I think that the most powerful personification in the play is the image of Death as Juliets husband-bridegroom. It recurs in different forms. Juliet herself first speaks like this the moment after she has first met Romeo: Go ask his name. If he be married, My grave is like to be my wedding bed (1.5.134-5). After hearing of Romeos banishment she looks at the ropes which he would have used to gain access to her room, and says: He made you for a highway to my bed, But I, a maid, die maiden-widowed. Come, cords. Come, Nurse. Ill to my wedding bed, And death, not Romeo, take my maidenhead. (111.1.134-7) Her mother also encourages the audience to think in this way about Juliet. When Juliet refuses to marry Paris, an angry Lady Capulet remarks, I would the fool were married to her grave (111.5.140), Juliets father, Capulet, speaks in a similar way when he thinks Juliet is dead: Death is my son-in-law. Death is my heir. My daughter he hath wedded. I will die And leave him all. Life, living, all is deaths. (1V.5.38-40) When Romeo sees Juliet in the tomb, he thinks that Death loves her; .. Ah, dear Juliet, Why art thou yet so fair? Shall I believe That unsubstantial death is amorous, And that the lean abhorred monster keeps Thee here in dark to be his paramour? (V.3.101-5) Remarks like these lead the audience to closely associate death with Juliet so that when she does finally die, they are not too badly affected. They also ensure that death is always in the back of the minds of the audience; they encourage us to expect it to be the result of the lovers affair and so impress on us the hopelessness of their situation. Throughout the play, it is made very obvious that the lovers are doomed the audience are led to believe that they do have to die. A horrible succession of coincidences destroys them. The events which contribute to the outcome of the lovers deaths, such as the feud between the two families, the series of accidents that spoil the Friars plans and the tragic timing of Romeos suicide and Juliets awakening, all seem to be the work of the cruel hands of fate. The audience are given the impression that circumstances are constantly arranged to work against them. If any one of the many coincidences had been different, then the tragedy would have been avoided. Romeo and Juliet are shown to be the victims of those circumstances. These coincidences have an important dramatic purpose: the fact that things keep going against the lovers creates the impression that an outside force of some sort is at work. The audience is repeatedly given the impression of fate as an outside force working against t he lovers. They are often portrayed as not being responsible for their fates. This view is encouraged by Shakespeare throughout the play and it leads the audience to pity the lovers. There are many suggestions in the play that the deaths were determined by fate. Throughout the play there are numerous references to the inevitability of the tragedy, for example star-crossed (Prologue, line 6), the yoke of inauspicious stars (V.3. 111). No matter how hard the lovers may try to overcome the obstacles in their way, the audience is left in no doubt that fate will win in the end. Both Romeo and Juliet make references to an outside power which they believe is shaping their lives. They speak of themselves as the innocent victims of that power. After killing Tybalt, Romeo exclaims; O, I am fortunes fool (111.1.136 Then later he refers to himself as a betossed soul (V.3.76), suggesting that he feels like a helpless ship in a storm, being blown here and there by fate. And when Juliet learns that she must marry Paris she feels upset and exclaims; Alack, alack, that heaven should practise stratagems Upon so soft a subject as myself! (111.5.210-11). She sees herself as a weak victim of the schemes of fate. On hearing the news of Juliets death, Romeo angrily cries; I defy you, stars (V.1.24) This indicates that he believes fate to be responsible for her death. As Romeo looks at the dead body of Paris, he thinks of the two of them as the victims of circumstances, both written; in sour misfortunes book (V.3.111-12) The Friar, realising that his plan had failed, tells Juliet that there was nothing he could do against the fate which seems to have worked against the lovers: A greater power than we can contradict Hath thwarted our intents (V.3.153-4). The frequent and persistent references to fate throughout the play collectively suggest that destiny will win in the end. They serve to create the impression that the lovers are at the mercy of fate. Shakespeare portrays the love between Romeo and Juliet as being ideal. However, he doesnt just show love as being ideal he shows that love has a darker side too. The references to the darker side of love create an atmosphere of foreboding and remind the audience of the words of the Prologue. When Romeo is in love with Rosaline and being moody, Benvolio teases him, saying: Why, Romeo, art thou mad? Here love is shown as a kind of madness. The Friar thinks that Romeo should control his feelings and be less hasty and impetuous. He advises Romeo to be cautious: Wisely and slow. They stumble that run fast (11.3.90). Furthermore, he warns Romeo against being too passionate: These violent delights have violent ends. And in their triumph die, like fire and powder, Which as they kiss consume. (11.6.9-11) His words are tragically prophetic of the deaths of the lovers. He tells Romeo: love moderately, long love doth so, (11.6.14-15) Clearly, the lovers dont follow his advice. Romeo is too passionate and rushes into whatever his feelings lead him to. He rushes into love with Juliet, rushes into marriage, he kills Tybalt without stopping to think, and after hearing of Juliets death he rushes back to Verona to kill himself. If he had slowed down, and thought about what he was doing, the deaths might have been avoided. The romantic love of Romeo and Juliet leads to their deaths because they act without thinking of the consequences. And the result is that they die. To an Elizabethan audience it would have been plainer than to a modern audience that the lovers were wrong to marry in secret without the consent of their parents. In a way even the feud is based on love. After the fight in Act 1, Romeo says: Heres much to do with hate, but more to do with love. (1.1.167) The violence of the feud is caused by the love and loyalty the Montagues and Capulets feel for their families The negative aspects of love show that love can be destructive and dangerous. This creates an air of foreboding. The occurrences of violence and conflict in the play help the audience to become used to unpleasant situations. The many different forms of conflict in Romeo and Juliet include those between: Montague and Capulet, love and hate, the bridal bed and the grave Shakespeare often uses antithesis to highlight the sense of conflict by using opposites. In this way the conflict is expressed in a more powerful way. For example, there are at least fifteen antitheses contained in Friar Lawrences first speech (11.3.1-30), as he reflects on the potential for good or evil in all living things ( baleful weeds versus precious-juiced flowers, tomb against womb, Virtue against vice, ..). Another example of contrasting antitheses is the speech in which Capulet grieves for Juliet (1V.5, 84-90). He powerfully contrasts the happy preparations for the intended wedding with the mourning rites for her death. The first two lines set festival versus funeral: All things that we ordained festival, Turn from their office to black funeral Sometimes Shakespeare uses a special kind of antithesis called an oxymoron in which two contradictory words are placed next to each other. For example, Shakespeare uses the oxymoron sweet sorrow in order to effectively express Juliets conflicting emotions when she and Romeo are about to part, Parting is such sweet sorrow The oxymoron sweet sorrow intensifies the conflict felt by Juliet at being sad to leave Romeo (sorrow) and yet excited (sweet) because she will be seeing him again. It allows a lot of information to be conveyed to the audience with a few words. It allows Juliets conflicting emotions to be conveyed to the audience in a very powerful way with just a few words. After hearing of Tybalts death, Juliet strings together a list of oxymorons (111.2.75). Shakespeare uses the verbal conflict in these words of opposite meanings to very effectively reflect Juliets emotional conflict: she loves Romeo and yet is appalled at what he has done in killing Tybalt. To express the confusion of her feelings, when Juliets fears that Romeo is dead, she puns on the pronoun I, the vowel i , the eye and the word ay(111.2.45-50). Her lines very effectively convey that if Romeo is dead then she too stops existing as a person as an I. In Romeo and Juliet Shakespeare makes skillful use of language to influence the audience. He uses vivid words and phrases to create imagery which helps to stimulate the audiences imagination to stir up mental pictures which are emotionally charged. For example, Chorus uses powerful metaphors to suggest what will become of the lovers in referring to them as star-crossed and their love as being death-marked. Shakespeare also uses imagery to deepen the dramatic impact of particular moments or moods. All of Shakespeares imagery uses metaphor, simile or personification. Those which refer to death have a particularly powerful affect on the audience. This is because death is such a feared subject by everyone that its mention immediately has a strong impact. When I was watching the play, the personification which affected me in the most powerful way was that of the image of Death as Juliets husband-bridegroom. The atmosphere of the play plays an important part in influencing the audience. The general mood changes throughout the play, going from romantic to comic to violent to tragic. Apart from letting the audience know that its a tragedy in the Prologue and thereafter frequently reminding them of that fact, the general mood is kept relatively light in the first two acts. However, Act 3 starts with violence and death and then from thereon the atmosphere gets bleak as the events accelerate towards tragedy. The bleak atmosphere helps to make the tragic event more acceptable because it prevents the tragedy from having a shocking effect on the audience. One of the methods which Shakespeare uses to appropriately vary the atmosphere of the play is by using the scene settings to create certain moods. The settings of a scene help to give each scene the right type of atmosphere. The final scene is set at night in a graveyard and tomb. Its a suitably gloomy and morbid setting for the tragic ending of the play and it helps the audience to anticipate and accept the tragedy. Shakespeare also uses language to create atmosphere. For example, Juliet reflects on the conditions inside the tomb before she takes the potion; Where bloody Tybalt, yet but green in earth , Lies festering in his shroud, where, as they say, At some hours in the night spirits resort (4.3.42-44) This death-fixated language and imagery very effectively creates a really spooky and morbid atmosphere which is very appropriate at that point in the play. In Romeo and Juliet everything happens in one week between a Sunday and a Thursday. Since the coincidences happen within this very short time-frame, it gives the audience the impression that events are speeding towards tragedy. This makes the situation feel increasingly desperate which creates tension in the play. Events seem to happen in a rush, sweeping Romeo and Juliet along with them. The audience get drawn in by the terrible logic of how things go wrong and cant help being swept along with them because there is a sort of morbid fascination in watching it happen. Due to the fact that every thing in the play seems to happen at great speed, I felt as though I was rushed along and the death of the lovers didnt have as strong a sad impact on me as it would have had if the pace had been slower. I felt as though I wasnt given enough time to feel bad. In order to soften the impact on the audience of the plays tragic conclusion (so that they dont end up feeling thoroughly depressed and/or traumatised), Shakespeare prepares the audience for the eventual outcome well before they arrive at that sad point. Throughout the play there are numerous references to the inevitability of the tragedy. From the very beginning of the play, throughout it, and right to the end, Shakespeare uses a variety of methods to make it blatantly obvious that his intent with this play is that of a tragedy and he uses a lot of dramatic irony to convey this. This is necessary to ensure that when the audience do eventually encounter the dreadful outcome, they dont become overwhelmed, although they may be saddened. He ensures that by the end of the play the audience have come to terms with the fact that that the lovers will die they were introduced to that concept from the start of the play, and thereafter frequently and persistently reminded of it. They are able to accept it and deal with it comfortably because they have been well prepared for it. The fact that the play did not end with the deaths of Romeo and Juliet made the tragedy more acceptable to me. This is because their deaths were not in vain. The Prince had tried to stop the feuding, but failed. The Friar hoped that the marriage of the lovers might unite the families, but his scheme went wrong. So, neither the Church (the Friar) nor the State (the Prince) were able to end the feud. But the love of Romeo and Juliet was able to end the feud. Their love was so great that it united their families. So, the play ends not with the deaths of Romeo and Juliet but with an end to the feud as a result of their deaths. The deaths of Romeo and Juliet will bring peace to Verona. I dont think that I would have enjoyed the play if it had ended with the deaths. It would have been too negative. I like fact that the play ends on a positive note that of love healing old wounds. It seems that the Friar was right sometimes, something good can come out of something bad.

Fire Ants Essay -- essays research papers

Fire Ants Fire ants have been in the United States for over sixty years, and almost every American that lives in or frequently visits the quarantined states which they inhabit has had an unpleasant run in with these troublesome critters. Inhabitants of the Southeast who have ever stood unwittingly atop a fire ant mound know that the insects are aptly named. When the ants sting it creates a sensation similar to scorching caused by a hot needle touching the skin momentarily (1. Tschinkel 474). Fire ants are native to South America and were introduced to the United States in 1928 through a port in Mobile, Alabama. The ants were stowaways hidden in soil used for ballast and in dunnage dropped off the ships once they had sailed from South America to the ports of Alabama (2. Lockley 31). The two basic species of fire ants in the United States are the are black and red, they vary in length from one eighth to one quarter inch. Black fire ants arrived first followed shortly by the infamous imported red fire ants. Black ants (Solenopsis Richteri Forel) were the first to arrive and spread slowly but steadily despite government intervention to stop them from spreading(3. Lockley 33). These black ants would spread much further then the second wave of imported ants recognized as Solenopsis Invicta Buren or red fire ants(4. Lockley 33). This second wave of ants arrived in about 1945 and spread much more rapidly and dominated the previous more passive black ant(5. Lockley 34). Homer Collins, a fire ant expert, stated that "The new invader, known as the red imported fire ant, proved more adaptive and rapidly displaced the existing imported black ant. By 1949, Solenopsis Invicta Buren were the dominant species of imported fire ant. Ants could be found in commercial ornamental-plant nurseries in the heart of the Southeast." Red ants are a particularly aggressive ant species that, like the killer bees, are rapidly spreading northward from the Southeastern United States, and have traveled as far west as Texas and as far north as North Carolina. "Experts predict that the ants may eventually reach as far west as California and as far north as Chesapeake Bay."(7. Tschinkel 474). The spread of fire ants into new areas depends on many factors: the existing level of fire ant population, climate, competition, and natural predators . In areas where other ant popul... ...ed States over sixty years ago. Even in 1997 society has not found an effective way to exterminate or control the spread of these troublesome insects. As mankind chooses to genetically experiment with species and continues to connect the remote areas of the world with faster and more efficient means of moving food and goods. Occurrences of accidental transportation of troublesome pests, bacteria, and viruses will also increase. The fire ant while costly and annoying won’t cause the absolute destruction of life as we know it. Fire ants are however a reminder that ecosystems are a delicately balanced environments with forces that keep the food chain functioning. The fire ant and the African killer bee do not have natural enemies in the Southern United States that reside in South Africa. As mankind destroys the rain forests of South America for cattle grazing, he has released things like the Hunta virus, and the Ebola virus in Africa. Both of these viruses could rapidly destroy populations. Mankind has made tremendous leaps in knowledge and technology during this century. If this use of that technology is not metered and controlled intelligently it may be the downfall of the mankind.

What Is A Hero? Essay -- essays research papers

When one thinks of heroes, names such as Ghandi, Martin Luther King, and Mother Theresa often come to mind. These individuals have all helped society tremendously through their determination and unselfish deeds. However, we may not notice some of society’s other heroes. One such heroic person that comes to my mind is Arnold Schwarzenegger. Many people perceive Arnold as only a blockbuster movie star and not as the hero he truly is. People see the glittery and glamorous fascade of the actor but not the truly heroic acts of the humanitarian. Through his charity work, Arnold has truly touched the lives of those who are less fortunate.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There is a growing concern in the United Sta  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  tes, where health problems are increasing at an alarming rate. The diets of many men, women and children are unhealthy, and lead to high blood pressure strokes, diabetes, osteoporosis, hypertension, and mental health problems. The poor state of America’s health is a serious concern for Arnold, and he is constantly striving for ways to improve it. Arnold is an advocate of health and fitness as displayed by his own lifestyle. He uses his celebrity status to showcase himself as a living example of health, which encourages a healthy lifestyle in the general population. The fact that â€Å"a quarter of a million deaths each year can be attributed to physical inactivity† (Modern Maturity) is utterly shocking. I firmly believe that Arnold’s relentless motivation to educate and teach people the benefits of a healthy lifestyle can reduce these horrific numbers dramatically. Arnold was the chairman of the President’s Council on Physical Fitness and is the author of many books that promote health and fitness. Arnold began a fifty-state tour to encourage health and fitness by going to schools, meeting with governors, legislators and various community leaders. This tour took a tremendous amount of his own time and money. Nevertheless, he undertook this task to improve the health of people he did not even know. Arnold’s three goals for his tour were to â€Å"improve fitness of American children by returning a regimen of daily physical activity to the school, to increase parental involvement in their children’s fitness, and to promote community based fitness programs.† (Schwarzenegger) His extraordinary effort shows his genuine concern for the greate... ... a program of sports training and athletic competition for over one million kids and adults with physical and mental disadvantages. Arnold played a key role in developing the weightlifting program for the Special Olympics; he has worked with countless special Olympians and inspired them to participate to the best of their abilities. He said, â€Å"when you train with Special Olympics athletes, you go in thinking that you are there to inspire them. But the fact is, you feel inspired by what they can do with all those obstacles.† (Schwarzenegger ) If a hero is defined by his or her selfless contributions to society, and through their positive influences on other people, then Arnold Schwarzenneger is truly an unsung hero. Through Arnold, the general population of America is more informed on health issues, inner city kids have been given a chance to succeed, and the mentally or physically handicapped are truly made to feel good about themselves. A real hero doesn’t care if they are noticed for their work, as the knowledge that they have helped somebody is reward enough. Arnold has unselfishly given his money, but more importantly, his time and dedication to improve the lives of others.

Exercise Addiction Essay

Exercise is important for the overall health and wellbeing of all people. People engage in physical activity for a variety of reasons. For some, being healthy is their only reason for exercising; for others, it may be to build more muscle, or gain endurance. â€Å"Exercise involves planned, structured, repetitive bodily movement done to improve or maintain physical fitness. † Exercise should always be beneficial; however excessive exercise can lead to harmful outcomes, and in come cases exercise can become an addiction. Exercise addiction has many of the same characteristics seen drug addiction such as: tolerance withdrawal, lack of control, intention effects, time, reduction in other activities, and continuance. Researchers have developed conceptually sound diagnostic criteria for exercise dependence, but have yet to determine a suitably convincing mechanism for its onset. In order to determine what type of interventions would be effective for treating or overcoming exercise addiction, researchers must first have an understanding of what causes the addiction. Understanding what psychological and physiological mechanisms are present in exercise addiction can help researchers to develop an intervention that will address all factors that nurture the addiction. The purpose of this study is to examine existing literature on the underlying mechanisms that could be responsible for the onset of exercise addiction in individuals in order to determine what types of intervention are needed to effectively treat exercise addiction. The study will include interviews to assess exercise addiction. Theoretical background In 1977, psychiatrist George L.  Engel released an article, The Need for a New Medical Model: A Challenge for Biomedicine, in which he proposed the Biopsychosocial Model, or BPSM. 1 â€Å"The Biopsychosocial Model is a method of understanding health and illness through biological, psychological, and social factors. † 2 Prior to Engel’s model, the Medical Model was the primary approach to medicine. The Medical Model focused on finding a single specific cause of illness to cure the disease, not the person as a whole. In The Need for a New Medical Model, Engel outlined weaknesses of the Medical Model. Engel addressed the Medical Model as a reductionist approach to medicine. 3 The Medical Model suggested that all diseases could be reduced to a single underlying â€Å"measurable biological variable† and treated without consideration of the other factors that may be related to the onset of the disease or illness. 1 (p 319) According to Engel: †¦a medical model must also take into account the patient, the social context in which he lives, and the complementary system devised by society to deal with the disruptive effects of illness, that is, the physician role and the health care system. This requires the Biopsychosocial model. (p324) According to the Medical Model, health can be equated to an absence of disease. Engel argued that the biological factors found in the medical model are not sufficient to provide a full understanding of disease. The Medical Model neglected to take into consideration individuals who feel well and are diagnosed with a disease, as well as individuals who are free of disease but feel sick. Engel proposed, â€Å"a biopsychosocial model which includes the patient as well as the illness would encompass both circumstances. † 1(p324) The BPSM explains disease through biological, psychological, and social factors. The BPSM can be understood by examining the components of the model. 4 The biological component â€Å"plays a key role is the BPSM. † 2 This component of the BPSM explains disease in relation to physiological causes such as pathogens or disorder in the functioning of the individual’s body. 5 A plausible biological mechanism of exercise addiction is the beta-endorphin hypothesis. â€Å"Aerobic exercise is known to stimulate the release of beta endorphin and other endogenous opioid peptides that appear to exert analgesic effects and may also produce addictive behaviors. Endorphins can block stress and create feeling of euphoria in an individual. Individuals who exercise excessively will be more receptive to endorphins and could potentially develop a tolerance for the hormone. Once the individual has developed a tolerance for the beta-endorphins, he or she will need to exercise longer and harder to achieve the same effects as before tolerance. This leads to the individual engaging in addictive behaviors that can also be explained as psychological process. 7 The psychological component of the BPSM explains disease as a manifestation of the individual’s thoughts, emotions, and behaviors. â€Å"Psychological dependence causes an individual to feel they need a substance to feel good. † 2 Negative thinking, low self-esteem, personality disorder such as perfectionism, etc. , could cause the addictive behavior. For example, an individual who does not cope well with stress may form a behavioral habit of exercise in order to feel good; they are addicted to exercise because of its mood-boosting biological effects. â€Å"In a philosophical sense, the biopsychosocial model states that the workings of the body can affect the mind, and the workings of the mind can affect the body.   However, biological and psychological factors alone are still not sufficient to completely explain exercise addiction in individuals. 2 The sociological component of the BPSM explains how social factors such as culture or socioeconomic status can be an underlying cause of illness. The behavior of an individual can be closely related to the culture and peer groups to which they belong. An individual may become addicted to exercise because of pressures of social norms. For example, an individual may have developed an addiction to exercise as a result of peer pressures to be thin. Significance of Proposed Research  The biopsychosocial model can be used to conceptualize exercise addiction. It is important to study the BPSM because further research is needed to determine the etiology and effective treatment for exercise addiction. To successfully treat or overcome an addiction, the individual must address each component that contributes to the overall behavior. The significance of this study will be to improve understanding of exercise addiction using the biopsychosocial model, determine the types of intervention needed to treat exercise addiction, and develop, as well as, test a multicomponent clinical strategy for treating the addiction. Proposed Methods The study will involve the evaluation of the biopsychosocial model in relation to exercise addiction. The targeted population for this study includes the following: individuals who are physically active and individuals who are classified as addicted to exercise. In order to ensure an efficient sample will be chosen, the target population will consist of 100 individuals. The sampling technique that will be used is a survey type of research, the Exercise Addiction Inventory. The EAI will include questions such as â€Å"When I exercise do I feel guilty† and â€Å"Is exercise the most important thing of my life? † (8) From this research, a sample from the target population will be selected. The sample will include 10 males and 10 females who are classified as addictive exercisers, as well as 10 males and 10 females who are non-addictive exercisers. Individuals who are classified as addicted to exercise will be submitted and additional questionnaire that will identify whether the individual has evidence of physiological dependence or no physiological dependence. Conclusion Exercise addiction is a disorder that has many underlying and contributing factors. Previous research did not provide sound information on the mechanisms of exercise dependence. The biopsychosocial model approach to addiction can be used to formulate an intervention for individuals who are diagnosed with exercise addiction. In order to treat an exercise addiction all components of the individual and the disease should be addressed.